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Completing H I observations of galaxies in the Virgo cluster
High sensitivity (rms noise 0.5 mJy) 21-cm H I line observationswere made of 33 galaxies in the Virgo cluster, using the refurbishedArecibo telescope, which resulted in the detection of 12 objects. Thesedata, combined with the measurements available from the literature,provide the first set of H I data that is complete for all 355 late-type(Sa-Im-BCD) galaxies in the Virgo cluster with mp ≤ 18.0mag. The Virgo cluster H I mass function (HIMF) that was derived forthis optically selected galaxy sample is in agreement with the HIMFderived for the Virgo cluster from the blind HIJASS H I survey and isinconsistent with the Field HIMF. This indicates that both in this richcluster and in the general field, neutral hydrogen is primarilyassociated with late-type galaxies, with marginal contributions fromearly-type galaxies and isolated H I clouds. The inconsistency betweenthe cluster and the field HIMF derives primarily from the difference inthe optical luminosity function of late-type galaxies in the twoenvironments, combined with the HI deficiency that is known to occur ingalaxies in rich clusters.Tables \ref{t1, \ref{sample_dat} and Appendix A are only available inelectronic form at http://www.edpsciences.org
| Discovery of a Dwarf Poststarburst Galaxy near a High Column Density Local Lyα Absorber
We report the discovery of a dwarf (MB=-13.9) poststarburstgalaxy coincident in recession velocity (within uncertainties) with thehighest column density absorber (NHI=1015.85cm-2 at cz=1586 km s- 1) in the 3C 273 sight line.This galaxy is by far the closest galaxy to this absorber, projectedjust 71h-170 kpc on the sky from the sight line.The mean properties of the stellar populations in this galaxy areconsistent with a massive starburst ~3.5 Gyr ago, whose attendantsupernovae, we argue, could have driven sufficient gas from this galaxyto explain the nearby absorber. Beyond its proximity on the sky and inrecession velocity, the further evidence in favor of this conclusionincludes both a match in the metallicities of absorber and galaxy andthe fact that the absorber has an overabundance of Si/C, suggestingrecent Type II supernova enrichment. Thus, this galaxy and its ejectaare in the expected intermediate stage in the fading dwarf evolutionarysequence envisioned by Babul & Rees to explain the abundance offaint blue galaxies at intermediate redshifts. While this one instanceof a QSO metal-line absorber and a nearby dwarf galaxy is not proof of atrend, a similar dwarf galaxy would be too faint to be observed bygalaxy surveys around more distant metal-line absorbers. Thus, we cannotexclude the possibility that dwarf galaxies are primarily responsiblefor weak (NHI=1014-1017cm-2) metal-line absorption systems in general. If a largefraction of the dwarf galaxies expected to exist at high redshift had asimilar history (i.e., they had a massive starburst that removed all ormost of their gas), these galaxies could account for at least severalhundred high-z metal-line absorbers along the line of sight to a high-zQSO. The volume-filling factor for this gas, however, would be less than1%.ID="FN1"> 1Based on observations made with the Apache Point 3.5 mtelescope, operated by the Astronomical Research Consortium, and the 2.6m du Pont telescope of the Las Campanas Observatory, operated by theCarnegie Institution of Washington, DC, and Pasadena, CA.
| The UZC-SSRS2 Group Catalog
We apply a friends-of-friends algorithm to the combined Updated ZwickyCatalog and Southern Sky Redshift Survey to construct a catalog of 1168groups of galaxies; 411 of these groups have five or more members withinthe redshift survey. The group catalog covers 4.69 sr, and all groupsexceed the number density contrast threshold, δρ/ρ=80. Wedemonstrate that the groups catalog is homogeneous across the twounderlying redshift surveys; the catalog of groups and their membersthus provides a basis for other statistical studies of the large-scaledistribution of groups and their physical properties. The medianphysical properties of the groups are similar to those for groupsderived from independent surveys, including the ESO Key Programme andthe Las Campanas Redshift Survey. We include tables of groups and theirmembers.
| Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups
In this paper we describe the Nearby Optical Galaxy (NOG) sample, whichis a complete, distance-limited (cz<=6000 km s-1) andmagnitude-limited (B<=14) sample of ~7000 optical galaxies. Thesample covers 2/3 (8.27 sr) of the sky (|b|>20deg) andappears to have a good completeness in redshift (97%). We select thesample on the basis of homogenized corrected total blue magnitudes inorder to minimize systematic effects in galaxy sampling. We identify thegroups in this sample by means of both the hierarchical and thepercolation ``friends-of-friends'' methods. The resulting catalogs ofloose groups appear to be similar and are among the largest catalogs ofgroups currently available. Most of the NOG galaxies (~60%) are found tobe members of galaxy pairs (~580 pairs for a total of ~15% of objects)or groups with at least three members (~500 groups for a total of ~45%of objects). About 40% of galaxies are left ungrouped (field galaxies).We illustrate the main features of the NOG galaxy distribution. Comparedto previous optical and IRAS galaxy samples, the NOG provides a densersampling of the galaxy distribution in the nearby universe. Given itslarge sky coverage, the identification of groups, and its high-densitysampling, the NOG is suited to the analysis of the galaxy density fieldof the nearby universe, especially on small scales.
| Arcsecond Positions of UGC Galaxies
We present accurate B1950 and J2000 positions for all confirmed galaxiesin the Uppsala General Catalog (UGC). The positions were measuredvisually from Digitized Sky Survey images with rms uncertaintiesσ<=[(1.2")2+(θ/100)2]1/2,where θ is the major-axis diameter. We compared each galaxymeasured with the original UGC description to ensure high reliability.The full position list is available in the electronic version only.
| A Complete Redshift Survey to the Zwicky Catalog Limit in a 2^h X 15 deg Region around 3C 273
We compile 1113 redshifts (648 new measurements, 465 from theliterature) for Zwicky catalog galaxies in the region (-3.5d <= delta<= 8.5d, 11h5 <= alpha <= 13h5). We include redshifts for 114component objects in 78 Zwicky catalog multiplets. The redshift surveyin this region is 99.5% complete to the Zwicky catalog limit, m_Zw =15.7. It is 99.9% complete to m_Zw = 15.5, the CfA Redshift Survey(CfA2) magnitude limit. The survey region is adjacent to the northernportion of CfA2, overlaps the northernmost slice of the Las CampanasRedshift Survey, includes the southern extent of the Virgo Cluster, andis roughly centered on the QSO 3C 273. As in other portions of theZwicky catalog, bright and faint galaxies trace the same large-scalestructure.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| New aperture photometry for 217 galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax clusters.
We present photo electric multi-aperture photometry in UBVRI of 171 and46 galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax clusters, respectively. Many of thegalaxies have not been observed in at least one of these passbandsbefore. We discuss the reduction and transformation into the Cousinsphotometric system as well as the extinction coefficients obtainedbetween 1990 and 1993.
| An image database. II. Catalogue between δ=-30deg and δ=70deg.
A preliminary list of 68.040 galaxies was built from extraction of35.841 digitized images of the Palomar Sky Survey (Paper I). For eachgalaxy, the basic parameters are obtained: coordinates, diameter, axisratio, total magnitude, position angle. On this preliminary list, weapply severe selection rules to get a catalog of 28.000 galaxies, wellidentified and well documented. For each parameter, a comparison is madewith standard measurements. The accuracy of the raw photometricparameters is quite good despite of the simplicity of the method.Without any local correction, the standard error on the total magnitudeis about 0.5 magnitude up to a total magnitude of B_T_=17. Significantsecondary effects are detected concerning the magnitudes: distance toplate center effect and air-mass effect.
| Disk galaxies near the line of sight to 3C 273 and conjectures on Lyman-alpha absorption
Using data from the preceding paper (Hoffman, Lewis & Salpeter 1995)and recent literature, we augment compilations by Salzer (1992) and byMorris et al. (1993) to select (by projected distance) 22 disk galaxiesnear the line of sight to the quasar 3C 273. These galaxies arecorrelated with the seven Lyman-alpha absorption lines (from HubbleSpace Telescope (HST) observations) below 10,000 km/s on velocity scalestypical of galaxy groups (a few hundred km/s). For three of the sevenlines an individual galaxy is close enough in position and velocity thatit may provide the absorption. This includes the galaxy MGC 0-32-16,which has a projected separation of 204 kpc and a velocity difference of93 km/s from the lowest velocity absorption line. For a fourth of theseven lines, there is a small group of galaxies fairly close by. For theremaining three of the seven absorption lines, however, no ordinarygalaxies are nearby. Thus, while some of the absorption lines are likelyto arise in extensions of ordinary galaxy disks, the majority must becaused by otherwise invisible objects. Whatever the physical nature ofthese objects, many of them are likely to reside in 'clouds orfilaments' in void-like regions which also contain some ordinarygalaxies or galaxy groups. As an alternative to 'minihalos' for theinvisible objects, we postulate an 'almost invisible' class of galaxies('Vanishing Cheshire Cats') which are born with central column densitiesalready about 10 times smaller than for ordinary disk galaxies and whichthen suffer further mass loss from the inner disk. Recent observationsthat show a larger fraction of Lyman-limit systems with H I columndensity below 1017.7/cm for z less than 1 than for z greaterthan 2 provide further motivation for this model.
| Integrated photoelectric magnitudes and color indices of bright galaxies in the Johnson UBV system
The photoelectric total magnitudes and color indices published in theThird Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) are based on ananalysis of approximately equals 26,000 B, 25,000 B-V, and 17,000 U-Bmultiaperture measurements available up to mid 1987 from nearly 350sources. This paper provides the full details of the analysis andestimates of internal and external errors in the parameters. Thederivation of the parameters is based on techniques described by theVaucouleurs & Corwin (1977) whereby photoelectric multiaperture dataare fitted by mean Hubble-type-dependent curves which describe theintegral of the B-band flux and the typical B-V and U-B integrated colorgradients. A sophisticated analysis of the residuals of thesemeasurements from the curves was made to allow for the random andsystematic errors that effect such data. The result is a homogeneous setof total magnitudes BTA total colors(B-V)T and (U-B)T, and effective colors(B-V)e and (U-B)e for more than 3000 brightgalaxies in RC3.
| Distribution of the spin vectors of the disk galaxies of the Virgo cluster. I. The catalogue of 310 disk galaxies in the Virgo area.
Not Available
| General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups
We present a whole sky catalog of nearby groups of galaxies taken fromthe Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database. From the 78,000 objects in thedatabase, we extracted a sample of 6392 galaxies, complete up to thelimiting apparent magnitude B0 = 14.0. Moreover, in order to considersolely the galaxies of the local universe, all the selected galaxieshave a known recession velocity smaller than 5500 km/s. Two methods wereused in group construction: a Huchra-Geller (1982) derived percolationmethod and a Tully (1980) derived hierarchical method. Each method gaveus one catalog. These were then compared and synthesized to obtain asingle catalog containing the most reliable groups. There are 485 groupsof a least three members in the final catalog.
| Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members
This paper gives a catalog of the groups and associations obtained bymeans of a revised hierarchical algorithm applied to a sample of 4143galaxies with diameters larger than 100 arcsec and redshifts smallerthan 6000 km/s. The 264 groups of galaxies obtained in this way (andwhich contain at least three sample galaxies) are listed, with the looseassociations surrounding them and the individual members of eachaggregate as well; moreover, the location of every entity among 13regions corresponding roughly to superclusters is specified. Finally,1729 galaxies belong to the groups, and 466 to the associations, i.e.,the total fraction of galaxies within the various aggregates amounts to53 percent.
| Investigations of the Local Supercluster velocity field. I - Observations close to Virgo, using Tully-Fisher distances and the Tolman-Bondi expanding sphere
Results are presented of an investigation of the velocity-distancerelation close to the direction of the Virgo cluster, with distancesfrom the Tully-Fisher relation, and with attention to the Malmquistbias. For Theta greater than 8 deg, a behavior is revealed which is asexpected Tolman-Bondi solutions for an expanding spherical massdistribution. Various density distributions, constrained by the massinside the Local Group distance, agree with the observations, but onlyif the mass within the Virgo 6 deg region is close to or larger than thestandard Virgo virial mass values. It is inferred that the central6-degree mass has the standard M (virial) as a rough lower limit. Fromthis it follows, together with the light ratios within the localsupercluster and the light enhancement relative to the general field,that light does not trace mass. Background contamination produces anasymmetrical distribution of velocities behind r(Vir).
| Abell 154 and Virgo - Pilot study for H I observations of distant clusters of galaxies
As a test of procedures required to study the H I contents of spiralgalaxies in distant clusters of galaxies, the cluster Abell 154 has beenobserved from Arecibo. Fourteen candidate detections were found in tworegions of the cluster comprising about 10 percent of the cluster area.These results are compared in detail with those expected for theexhaustively studied Virgo cluster displaced to the distance of A 154.Most of the candidate detections are likely to be the combined profilesof two or more spiral galaxies, many of them too faint to appear on thelist of morphological types classified by Dressler (1980). Any attemptto identify these H I signals with known bright spirals is problematicat best. The A 154 profiles are systematically broader than expected forVirgo, but a crude application of the Tully-Fisher correlation indicatesthat they are still consistent with available photometric data. Whilethe H I deficiency in Virgo would still be apparent at the A 154distance, no significant evidence is found for H I deficiency in A 154.
| The Tully-Fisher relation in different environments
The Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) in different environments wasinvestigated in 13 galaxy samples spanning a large range in galaxydensities, using two statistical tests to compare the TFR of differentsamples. Results of the analysis of TFR parameters in severalenvironments showed that, when samples of similar data-accuracy andmagnitude-range were compared, there was no significant differencebetween the galaxy samples. It is suggested that a comparison of sampleswith very different data accuracy or those biased by incompletenesseffects may lead to misleading results.
| The dustiness, luminosity, and metallicity of galaxies
B-band CCD images have been obtained of 230 galaxies in and near theVirgo and Ursa Major clusters. A coarse classification of these imagesshows that the 'dustiness' of late-type galaxies correlates stronglywith their luminosity. Luminous spirals are seen to be much dustier thanlate-type systems of lower luminosity. The reason for this correlationis probably that luminous galaxies are more metal-rich than fainterobjects. Systems with Fe/H less than about -1.0 are observed to beessentially dust-free.
| Classification of galaxies on CCD frames
Morphological classifications of 231 galaxies in and near the Virgo andUrsa Major clusters are reported which show that luminosityclassification techniques (LCTs) can be used to determine theluminosities of spiral galaxies with an accuracy of about 0.7 mag on CCDframes. The observations in the direction of the Virgo Cluster confirmthe assignment of some galaxies to the background field, stronglyconfirming that the large dispersion in the Tully-Fisher relation forVirgo galaxies is at least partly due to contamination of the Virgo coresample by background galaxies. LCTs yield a distance of 15.3 + 2.6 or -2.2 Mpc for the spiral and irregular galaxies associated with the coreof the Virgo Cluster proper. The Ursa Major and Virgo cluster distancesare found to be the same. A class of galaxies with fuzzy, anemic outerstructure and active star formation in their cores is found to be commonin Virgo but rare in the Ursa Major Cluster.
| Star formation in spiral galaxies. I - H-alpha observations
This paper presents large-aperture photometric measurements of H-alpha +forbidden N II emission line strengths in 110 spiral galaxies. Thesegalaxies represent three different samples of objects: (1) low surfacebrightness spiral galaxies; (2) galaxies of extreme arm classifications(flocculent versus grand design); and (3) galaxies with measured (B -H)colors which have been used to study the color-absolute magnituderelation for spiral galaxies. Details of the observations are given, anda comparison is made with previous work. Future papers will use thisdata to study the star-formation rates in the various samples.
| H I observations in the Virgo cluster area. III - All 'member' spirals
H I observations of 141 spiral galaxies in and around the Virgo Clusterare reported, with major-axis mapping for 65 of them. Heliocentricvelocities, profile widths, and H I fluxes are given for all detectedgalaxies. Spin orientations are given for mapped galaxies and H Idiameters for those sufficiently resolved by the 3.2 arcmin beam. Mappedgalaxy spectra are shown as contour plates of position versus velocity;central beam spectra are shown for the remainder. The distributions ofspin orientations are briefly analyzed and shown to be essentiallyrandom. The distributions of H I luminosity are presented along withindicative dynamical mass for the spirals and a synthesized H Idistribution for the cluster as a whole.
| A protogalaxy in the local supercluster
The discovery of an isolated H I cloud at a radial velocity of 1275 km/sis reported. At an assumed distance of 20 Mpc, its diameter is about 200kpc, and its H I mass about 4 x 10 to the 9th solar mass. Although stillincompletely mapped, the velocity field exhibits what appears to beordered rotation: a slowly rising inner rotation curve is followed by aflat portion at Vmax = 30 km/s. The total mass inferred from therotation curve is about 2.1 x 10 to the 10th solar mass. There is noevidence of a central mass concentration, nor of a stellar populationassociated with the object.
| Uncertainties in 21 centimeter redshifts. I - Data
High-precision data on the 21-cm redshifts, profile widths, and shapesfor 625 galaxies are presented. Each galaxy is listed in across-identification and morphology table. High-resolution spectra arealso given for each galaxy. Internal redshift consistency is roughly 1km/s for galaxies for which the S/N is above 15. No systematic effectshave been found which might influence the observed redshift quantizationat 72.5 km/s or its submultiples.
| A statistical study of luminosity profiles of galaxies using spheroid-disk composite models
Structural parameters of spheroids and disks are presented for ahomogeneous sample of 167 galaxies of all morphological types, andsystematic properties and interplay of the spheroid and disk areexplored using a new technique to derive the structural parameters fromthe observed luminosity distribution. The luminosity distributions ofmost of the galaxies, including all of the elliptics, can be wellapproximated by two-component models, with the rest approximated byone-component disk models. Spheroids of disk galaxies are on averageless luminous in absolute magnitude and have both fainterbrightness-scale parameter and larger length-scale parameter than thoseof elliptics. Spheroid parameters of S0 galaxies are intermediatebetween those of elliptics and spirals.
| A catalog of 2810 nearby galaxies - The effect of the Virgocentric flow model on their observed velocities
A catalog of 2810 nearby galaxies is constructed on the basis of threesubcatalogs: galaxies with B(T) less than or equal to 13.4 mag, galaxieswith v0 less than or equal to 500 km/s, and galaxies having B(T) lessthan or equal to 14.95 mag and lying within a 10-deg cone around M87.The data are compiled in tables and graphs and characterized in detail.The distances to objects with known red shifts are determined in unitsof the Virgo-cluster distance, independent of H0, using two versions ofthe nonlinear Virgocentric-flow models of Silk (1974 and 1977) and shownto correspond to local Virgo-inflow rates of 220 and 440 km/s,respectively. The luminous-galaxy distribution is described as acell-like structure with several superclusters, chains ofinterconnecting galaxies, and large voids.
| HI-observations of galaxies in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. I - The data
New H I-data for a large number of bright galaxies inside the 10 degradius area of the Virgo cluster of galaxies have been obtained with the100 m radiotelescope at Effelsberg. A total of 234 galaxies was observedfor the first time. Among them, 53 have been detected providing newaccurate radial velocities. Data from the literature have been compiled.Together with the new data, they form a (nearly homogeneous) set of H Iobservations for more than 450 galaxies.
| The orbits of H I-deficient spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster
A sample of 107 galaxies in the Virgo area has been used to investigatethe orbits of H I-deficient spiral galaxies and the velocity-distancerelation in Virgo. The analysis of the orbits of H I-deficient spiralsindicates that they are very likely to be on radial orbits which carrythem into the intracluster medium of the Virgo core. It is suggestedthat the process of H I-removal occurs in the Virgo core. A new versionof the Tully-Fisher relation in the B-band with probable accuracy of0.35 mag is used to resolve the cluster in depth. Galaxies with low andhigh velocities are found on the near side of the cluster as well as onthe far side. Mass-age infall models with Lambda = 0 have been comparedwith the data.
| The structure of the Virgo cluster of galaxies
A new detailed analysis of galaxies in the Virgo area shows that theconventional Virgo cluster comprises two different clouds of galaxies:the Virgo cluster I and the Southern cloud II by the definition proposedhere. Excluding the galaxies in the Southern cloud II, the Virgo clusterI centered at 12 h 27.6 m, +13 deg 07 arcmin (1950), has a mean radialvelocity of 980 + or - 60 km/s and there is no significant velocitydifference between elliptical-lenticular and spiral-irregular galaxiesin the Virgo cluster I. The Southern cloud II is centered at about 12 h25 m, +7 deg 30 arcmin (1950) and all types of galaxies in the cloud arediffusely distributed, while elliptical galaxies in the Virgo cluster Iare concentrated to the center. The mean radial velocity within a radiusof 3.5 deg of the Southern cloud II is +1240 + or - 80 km/s, which issignificantly higher than the mean velocity of the Virgo cluster I.
| Gas deficiency in cluster galaxies - A comparison of nine clusters
The available 21 cm line data in the literature for galaxies in nineclusters is combined with new high-sensitivity observations of 51galaxies in five of the nine clusters in order to test fordiscriminating circumstances between those clusters which show H Ideficiency among their spiral population and those which do not. An H Ideficiency for the complete cluster sample is derived employing acomparison sample of galaxies chosen from the Catalog of IsolatedGalaxies. The deficiency and its radial dependence is summarized foreach cluster and a composite. A comparison of the environments indifferent clusters leads to the conclusion that the occurrence of H Ideficiency is correlated with the presence of a hot X-ray intraclustermedium, and that an ongoing interaction process is active through thecores of X-ray clusters.
| Studies of the Virgo Cluster. II - A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo Cluster area.
The present catalog of 2096 galaxies within an area of about 140 sq degapproximately centered on the Virgo cluster should be an essentiallycomplete listing of all certain and possible cluster members,independent of morphological type. Cluster membership is essentiallydecided by galaxy morphology; for giants and the rare class of highsurface brightness dwarfs, membership rests on velocity data. While 1277of the catalog entries are considered members of the Virgo cluster, 574are possible members and 245 appear to be background Zwicky galaxies.Major-to-minor axis ratios are given for all galaxies brighter than B(T)= 18, as well as for many fainter ones.
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