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Box- and peanut-shaped bulges. III. A new class of bulges: Thick Boxy Bulges
Inspecting all 1224 edge-on disk galaxies larger than 2\arcmin in theRC3 on Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) images (Lütticke et al.\cite{lue2000a}) we have found several galaxies with extraordinarybulges meeting two criteria: they are box shaped and large in respect tothe diameters of their galaxies. These bulges are often disturbed, showfrequently prominent irregularities and asymmetries, and some possesspossible merger remnants or merging satellites. For these bulges we haveintroduced the term ``Thick Boxy Bulges'' (TBBs). About 2% of all diskgalaxies (S0-Sd), respectively 4% of all galaxies with box- andpeanut-shaped (b/p) bulges, belong to this class of galaxies. Usingmulticolour CCD and NIR data we have enlarged and followed up our sampleof nearly 20 galaxies with a TBB. The disturbed morphology of a largefraction of these galaxies shows that many of the TBB galaxies are notdynamically settled. For the TBBs the extent of the box shape seems tobe too large to result from a normal bar potential. Therefore weconclude that two classes of b/p bulges exist with different origins.While most (96%) b/p bulges can be explained by bars alone(Lütticke et al. \cite{lue2000b}), the extended boxy structures ofTBBs result most likely from accreted material by infalling satellitecompanions (soft merging).
| Astrophysics in 2000
It was a year in which some topics selected themselves as importantthrough the sheer numbers of papers published. These include theconnection(s) between galaxies with active central engines and galaxieswith starbursts, the transition from asymptotic giant branch stars towhite dwarfs, gamma-ray bursters, solar data from three major satellitemissions, and the cosmological parameters, including dark matter andvery large scale structure. Several sections are oriented aroundprocesses-accretion, collimation, mergers, and disruptions-shared by anumber of kinds of stars and galaxies. And, of course, there are theusual frivolities of errors, omissions, exceptions, and inventories.
| Box- and peanut-shaped bulges. I. Statistics
We present a classification for bulges of a complete sample of ~ 1350edge-on disk galaxies derived from the RC3 (Third Reference Catalogue ofBright Galaxies, de Vaucouleurs et al. \cite{rc3}). A visualclassification of the bulges using the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) inthree types of b/p bulges or as an elliptical type is presented andsupported by CCD images. NIR observations reveal that dust extinctiondoes almost not influence the shape of bulges. There is no substantialdifference between the shape of bulges in the optical and in the NIR.Our analysis reveals that 45% of all bulges are box- and peanut-shaped(b/p). The frequency of b/p bulges for all morphological types from S0to Sd is > 40%. In particular, this is for the first time that such alarge frequency of b/p bulges is reported for galaxies as late as Sd.The fraction of the observed b/p bulges is large enough to explain theb/p bulges by bars. Partly based on observations collected at ESO/LaSilla (Chile), DSAZ/Calar Alto (Spain), and Lowell Observatory/Flagstaff(AZ/U.S.A.). Tables 6 and 7 are only available in electronic form at CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Three-dimensional modelling of edge-on disk galaxies
We present detailed three-dimensional modelling of the stellarluminosity distribution for the disks of 31 relatively nearby (<= 110Mpc) edge-on spiral galaxies. In contrast to most of the standardmethods available in the literature we take into account the fullthree-dimensional information of the disk. We minimize the differencebetween the observed 2D-image and an image of our 3D-disk modelintegrated along the line of sight. Thereby we specify the inclination,the fitting function for the z-distribution of the disk, and the bestvalues for the structural parameters such as scalelength, scaleheight,central surface brightness, and a disk cut-off radius. From a comparisonof two independently developed methods we conclude, that thediscrepancies e.g. for the scaleheights and scalelengths are of theorder of ~10%. These differences are not due to the individual methoditself, but rather to the selected fitting region, which masks the bulgecomponent, the dust lane, or present foreground stars. Other seriouslimitations are small but appreciable intrinsic deviations of real diskscompared to the simple input model. In this paper we describe themethods and present contour plots as well as radial profiles for allgalaxies without previously published surface photometry. Resultingparameters are given for the complete sample. Based on observationscollected at the European Southern Observatory, Chile and LowellObservatory, Flagstaff (AZ), U.S.A.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| More Satellites of Spiral Galaxies
We present a revised and expanded catalog of satellite galaxies of a setof isolated spiral galaxies similar in luminosity to the Milky Way. Thissample of 115 satellites, 69 of which were discovered in our multifiberredshift survey, is used to probe the results obtained from the originalsample further (Zaritsky et al.). The satellites are, by definition, atprojected separations <~500 kpc, have absolute recessional velocitydifferences with respect to the parent spiral of less than 500 km s-1,and are at least 2.2 mag fainter than their associated primary galaxy. Akey characteristic of this survey is the strict isolation of thesesystems, which simplifies any dynamical analysis. We find no evidencefor a decrease in the velocity dispersion of the satellite system as afunction of radius out to galactocentric radii of 400 kpc, whichsuggests that the halo extends well beyond 200 kpc. Furthermore, the newsample affirms our previous conclusions (Zaritsky et al.) that (1) thevelocity difference between a satellite and its primary is not stronglycorrelated with the rotation speed of the primary, (2) the system ofsatellites has a slight net rotation (34 +/- 14 km s-1) in the samesense as the primary's disk, and (3) that the halo mass of an ~L* spiralgalaxy is in excess of 2 x 1012 Mȯ.
| Parameters of 2447 Southern Spiral Galaxies for Use in the Tully-Fisher Relation
I-band luminosities, rotational velocities, and redshifts of 1092 spiralgalaxies have been measured by CCD photometry and Hα spectroscopyusing the 1 m and 2.3 m telescopes at Siding Spring Observatory,respectively. The results are tabulated. Luminosity profiles andHα rotation curves are given for the galaxies. When these resultsare combined with similar data for 1355 spiral galaxies publishedpreviously (Mathewson, Ford, & Buchhorn, hereafter Paper I), itprovides a large, uniform, and unique data set with which to measure,via the Tully-Fisher relation, the peculiar velocities of galaxies inthe local universe to a distance of 11,000 km s^-1^ (Mathewson &Ford). Taking advantage of the opportunity for publishing this data inmachine-readable form, in the CD-ROM, we have also included similar datafor the 1355 galaxies in Paper I.
| Metallicity Indices for Multi-Population Models.II.Bulges of Galaxies
We report metallicity indices in the Lick system (Hβ, Fe52, Fe53,NaD, Mg_2_) for a sample of 45 spiral bulges in the southern hemisphere.The velocity dispersion σ was also derived for each object. Spiralbulges and elliptical galaxies show a continuity in diagrams like theplane Mg_2_- or σ-Mg_2_. Using calibrations derived fromchemical evolutionary models, we estimated metallicities and abundanceratios for those bulges. The sample mean metallicity is [Fe/H]= -0.19+/- 0.27(rmsd), and the mean abundance ratios are [Mg/Fe] = 0.46 +/-0.11 (rmsd) and [Na/Fe] = 0.45 +/- 0.19(rmsd). These abundances suggestthat spiral bulges (like E's) were chemically enriched by type IIsupernovae, and that the main star formation era occurred in a timescale of the order of 1-2 Gyr.
| The extended 12 micron galaxy sample
We have selected an all-sky (absolute value of b greater than or equalto 25 deg) 12 micron flux-limited sample of 893 galaxies from the IRASFaint Source Catalog, Version 2 (FSC-2). We have obtained accurate totalfluxes in the IRAS wavebands by using the ADDSCAN procedure for allobjects with FSC-2 12 micron fluxes greater than 0.15 Jy and increasingflux densities from 12 to 60 microns, and defined the sample by imposinga survey limit of 0.22 Jy on the total 12 micron flux. Its completenessis verified, by means of the classical log N - log S andV/Vmax tests, down to 0.30 Jy, below which we have measuredthe incompleteness down to the survey limit, using the log N - log Splot, for our statistical analysis. We have obtained redshifts (mostlyfrom catalogs) for virtually all (98.4%) the galaxies in the sample.Using existing catalogs of active galaxies, we defined a subsample of118 objects consisting of 53 Seyfert 1s and quasars, 63 Seyfert 2s, andtwo blazars (approximately 13% of the full sample), which is the largestunbiased sample of Seyfert galaxies ever assembled. Since the 12 micronflux has been shown to be about one-fifth of the bolometric flux forSeyfert galaxies and quasars, the subsample of Seyferts (includingquasars and blazars) is complete not only to 0.30 Jy at 12 microns butalso with respect to a bolometric flux limit of approximately 2.0 x10-10 ergs/s/sq cm. The average value of V/Vmaxfor the full sample, corrected for incompleteness at low fluxes, is 0.51+/- 0.04, expected for a complete sample of uniformly distributedgalaxies, while the value for the Seyfert galaxy subsample is 0.46 +/-0.10. We have derived 12 microns and far-infrared luminosity functionsfor the AGNs, as well as for the entire sample. We extracted from oursample a complete subsample of 235 galaxies flux-limited (8.3 Jy) at 60microns. The 60 micron luminosity function computed for this subsampleis in satisfactory agreement with the ones derived from the brightgalaxy sample (BGS) and the deep high-galactic latitude sample, bothselected at 60 microns.
| Satellites of spiral galaxies
We present a survey of satellites around a homogeneous set of late-typespirals with luminosity similar to that of the Milky Way. On average, wefind fewer than 1.5 satellites per primary, but we argue that we cantreat the survey as an ensemble and so derive the properties of the haloof a 'typical' isolated spiral. The projected density profile of theensemble falls off approximately as 1/r. Within 50 kpc the azimuthaldistribution of satellites shows some evidence for the 'Holmbergeffect', an excess near the minor axis of the primary; however, atlarger projected distances, the distribution appears isotropic. There isa weak but significant correlation between the size of a satellite andits distance from its primary, as expected if satellites are tidallytruncated. Neither Hubble type nor spectral characteristics correlatewith apparent separation. The ensemble of satellites appears to berotating at about 30 km/s in the same direction as the galactic disk.Satellites on prograde orbits tend to be brighter than those onretrograde orbits. The typical velocity difference between a satelliteand its primary shows no clear dependence either on apparent separation,or on the rotation speed of the primary. Thus our survey demonstratesthat isolated spiral galaxies have massive halos that extend to manyoptical radii.
| A southern sky survey of the peculiar velocities of 1355 spiral galaxies
The paper presents data from photometric and spectroscopic observationsof 1355 southern spiral galaxies and uses them to determine theirdistances and peculiar velocities via the Tully-Fisher (TF) relation.I-band CCD surface photometry was carried out using the 1-m and 3.9-mtelescopes at Siding Spring Observatory. H-alpha rotation curves for 965galaxies and 551 H I profiles are presented. The physical parameters,photometric and velocity data, distances, and peculiar velocities of thegalaxies are presented in tabular form. The mean distance, systemicvelocity, and average peculiar velocity of 24 clusters in the sample aregiven. TF diagrams are presented for each cluster.
| Southern Sky Redshift Survey - The catalog
The catalog of radial velocities for galaxies which comprise thediameter-limited sample of the Southern Sky Redshift Survey ispresented. It consolidates the data of observations carried out at theLas Campanas Observatory, Observatorio Nacional, and South AfricanAstronomical Observatory. The criteria used for the sample selection aredescribed, as well as the observational procedures and the techniqueutilized to obtain the final radial velocities. The intercomparisonbetween radial velocity measurements from different telescopes indicatesthat the final data base is fairly homogeneous with a typical error ofabout 40 km/s. The sample is at present 90 percent complete, and themissing galaxies are predominantly objects with very low surfacebrightness for which it is very difficult to obtain optical redshifts.
| The plane W(Na I) X W(Mg I) - Effects of interstellar Na I in a sample of southern galaxies
Galaxy spectra from a subsample of the Southern Sky Redshift Survey databank were used to study the equivalent width plane for the lines Na Ilambda 5893 A vs Mg I lambda 5175 A. An estimate of how important thecontribution of the interstellar gas for the sodium line is compared tothat of the stellar population. The sample is made up of galaxies withmorphological types from E to Sc and are distributed up to radialvelocities of 25,000 km/s, most of them smaller than 15,000 km/s. Mostearly type galaxies with dust lanes, particularly nearly edge-on So's,present an enhancement of the Na I line. Inclined spiral galaxies tendto present enhanced Na I with respect to face-on spirals. This tendency,previously found in a smaller sample of galaxies limited to V equal toor less than 6000 km/s, is now confirmed for more distant ones. In thelarge velocity sample it shows the global bulge rather than the verynucleus; the persistence of the effect suggests that the scale height ofthe gas layer in the central disk can reach a considerable fraction ofthe bulge radius.
| Observations of edge-on galaxies at 843 MHz
With the intention of investigating cosmic ray distribution andpropagation in the haloes of normal spiral galaxies, 30 edge-on galaxieswere observed at 843 MHz with the Molonglo Observatory SynthesisTelescope. Some results of this study are presented here. Of the 24galaxies detected, sixteen were partially resolved. Fourteen of thecorresponding maps are presented as overlays on optical images. Theseven galaxies with unresolved or marginally resolved emission were allof morphological type SO or Sa. Three galaxies, NGC 2613, IC 5052, andNGC 7184, each appear to possess two weak continuum maxima and should bereobserved so that more sensitive maps can be made.
| A catalog of southern groups of galaxies
A catalog of groups of galaxies identified in the southern Galactic capis presented. This catalog was constructed utilizing the group-findingalgorithm developed by Huchra and Geller (1982) to analyze galaxysamples with well-defined selection criteria and complete velocityinformation.
| Southern Galaxy Catalogue.
Not Available
| Redshifts for 228 southern galaxies
In this paper, new redshifts are presented for 228 galaxies locatedsouth of declination -30 deg. The observations were made with aphoton-counting Reticon detector on the Observatorio Nacional (ON)60-in. telescope. The detector is identical to the one used at MountHopkins for the CfA Redshift Survey, and the redshifts were derivedusing the same data-analysis system. A preliminary comparison withpublished 21-cm redshifts indicates that the velocities have azero-point offset of about -4 km/s, with a typical uncertainty of 40km/s. The observations reported here are the initial results of theON-CfA Redshift Survey currently being undertaken in the southernhemisphere.
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