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Two Micron All Sky Survey, Infrared Astronomical Satellite, and Midcourse Space Experiment Color Properties of Intrinsic and Extrinsic S Stars
We attempt to select new candidate intrinsic and extrinsic S stars inthe General Catalogue of Galactic S Stars (GCGSS) by combining data fromthe Two Micron All Sky Survey, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, andthe Midcourse Space Experiment. Catalog entries are cross-identified,yielding 528 objects, out of which 29 are known extrinsic S stars and 31are known intrinsic S stars. Their color-color diagrams,(H-[12])-(K-[12]) and (K-[12])-(J-[25]), are drawn and used to identifya new sample of 147 extrinsic and 256 intrinsic S star candidates, whilethe nature of 65 stars remains identified. We infer that about 38%+/-10%of the GCGSS objects are of extrinsic type. Moreover, we think thatcolors such as J-[25] can be used to split off the two categories of Sstars, while single colors are not appropriate. The color-colordiagrams, such as (H-[12])-(K-[12]) and (K-[12])-(J-[25]), are proven tobe powerful tools for distinguishing the two kinds of S stars.
| Really Cool Stars and the Star Formation History at the Galactic Center
We present λ/Δλ=550-1200 near-infrared H and Kspectra for a magnitude-limited sample of 79 asymptotic giant branch andcool supergiant stars in the central ~5 pc (diameter) of the Galaxy. Weuse a set of similar spectra obtained for solar neighborhood stars withknown Teff and Mbol that is in the same range asthe Galactic center (GC) sample to derive Teff andMbol for the GC sample. We then construct the H-R diagram forthe GC sample. Using an automated maximum likelihood routine, we derivea coarse star formation history of the GC. We find that (1) roughly 75%of the stars formed in the central few parsecs are older than 5 Gyr; (2)the star formation rate (SFR) is variable over time, with a roughly 4times higher SFR in the last 100 Myr compared to the average SFR; (3)our model can match dynamical limits on the total mass of stars formedonly by limiting the initial mass function to masses above 0.7Msolar (this could be a signature of mass segregation or ofthe bias toward massive star formation from the unique star formationconditions in the GC); (4) blue supergiants account for 12% of the totalsample observed, and the ratio of red to blue supergiants is roughly1.5; and (5) models with isochrones with [Fe/H]=0.0 over all ages fitthe stars in our H-R diagram better than models with lower [Fe/H] in theoldest age bins, consistent with the finding of Ramírez et al.that stars with ages between 10 Myr and 1 Gyr have solar [Fe/H].
| Zirconium to Titanium Ratios in a Large Sample of Galactic S Stars
The [Zr/Ti] ratio for a large sample of Galactic S stars has beendetermined using high-quality, high-resolution spectra. The pattern ofZr enhancements in intrinsic and extrinsic S stars is found to differ,and the [Zr/Ti] ratio in the extrinsic S stars clearly links them to thestrong barium stars. In addition, the pattern of [Zr/Ti] ratios seems toindicate that the progression of spectral type M to MS to S to SC is duelargely to an increase in the abundance of s-process elements and notsolely to a changing C/O ratio as claimed by some investigators (such asScalo and Ross).
| Near-infrared observations of candidate extrinsic S stars
Photometric observations in the near infrared for 161 S stars, including18 Tc-rich (intrinsic) stars, 19 Tc-deficient (extrinsic) ones and 124candidates for Tc-deficient S stars, are presented in this paper. Basedon some further investigations into the infrared properties of bothTc-rich and Tc-deficient S stars, 104 candidates are identified as verylikely Tc-deficient S stars. The large number of infrared-selectedTc-deficient S stars provides a convenient way to study the physicalproperties and the evolutionary status of this species of S stars.
| Nucleosynthesis and Mixing on the Asymptotic Giant Branch. III. Predicted and Observed s-Process Abundances
We present the results of s-process nucleosynthesis calculations forasymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars of different metallicities anddifferent initial stellar masses (1.5 and 3 Msolar), and wepresent comparisons of them with observational constraints fromhigh-resolution spectroscopy of evolved stars over a wide metallicityrange. The computations were based on previously published stellarevolutionary models that account for the third dredge-up phenomenonoccurring late on the AGB. Neutron production is driven by the13C(α,n)16O reaction during the interpulseperiods in a tiny layer in radiative equilibrium at the top of the He-and C-rich shell. The neutron source 13C is manufacturedlocally by proton captures on the abundant 12C; a few protonsare assumed to penetrate from the convective envelope into the radiativelayer at any third dredge-up episode, when a chemical discontinuity isestablished between the convective envelope and the He- and C-richzones. A weaker neutron release is also guaranteed by the marginalactivation of the reaction 22Ne(α,n)25Mgduring the convective thermal pulses. Owing to the lack of a consistentmodel for 13C formation, the abundance of 13Cburnt per cycle is allowed to vary as a free parameter over a wideinterval (a factor of 50). The s-enriched material is subsequently mixedwith the envelope by the third dredge-up, and the envelope compositionis computed after each thermal pulse. We follow the changes in thephotospheric abundance of the Ba-peak elements (heavy s [hs]) and thatof the Zr-peak ones (light s [ls]), whose logarithmic ratio [hs/ls] hasoften been adopted as an indicator of the s-process efficiency (e.g., ofthe neutron exposure). Our model predictions for this parameter show acomplex trend versus metallicity. Especially noteworthy is theprediction that the flow along the s-path at low metallicities drainsthe Zr and Ba peaks and builds an excess at the doubly magic208Pb, which is at the termination of the s-path. We thendiscuss the effects on the models of variations in the crucialparameters of the 13C pocket, finding that they are notcritical for interpreting the results. The theoretical predictions arecompared with published abundances of s-elements for AGB giants ofclasses MS, S, SC, post-AGB supergiants, and for various classes ofbinary stars, which supposedly derive their composition by mass transferfrom an AGB companion. This is done for objects belonging both to theGalactic disk and to the halo. The observations in general confirm thecomplex dependence of neutron captures on metallicity. They suggest thata moderate spread exists in the abundance of 13C that isburnt in different stars. Although additional observations are needed,it seems that a good understanding has been achieved of s-processoperation in AGB stars. Finally, the detailed abundance distributionincluding the light elements (CNO) of a few s-enriched stars atdifferent metallicities are examined and satisfactorily reproduced bymodel envelope compositions.
| Spectra of Cool Stars in the J Band (1.0-1.3 μm) at Medium Resolution
A spectroscopic survey of 103 cool S-, C-, and M-type stars wasundertaken with the Kitt Peak cryogenic spectrograph on the 1.3 mtelescope to make a detailed search for new molecular bands in the1.0-1.3 μm J-band region. While the spectra have high signal-to-noiseratios and good repeatability, no strong new features were found. Higherresolution spectra of a small sample of representative stars observedwith the 4 m Fourier transform spectrometer were invoked in order toidentify the features in these spectra. With few exceptions, the detailsof these spectra are well understood. Laboratory spectra were obtainedto aid in the identification of some weak features. Spectral featuresfrom dominant lines of Ti, Fe, Al, Si, Mn, Na, and K, and molecularbands due to TiO, TiS, ZrO, ZrS, VO, H_2O, and CN, have been identifiedin the spectra. Several weak unidentified bands are found.
| Infrared study of the two categories of S stars
Photometric observations of 20 Tc-deficient and 24 Tc-rich S stars inthe near infrared are presented in this paper. With the IRAS data,infrared two color diagrams, IRAS low-resolution spectra and energydistributions are discussed to summarize the way to segregate Tc-richstars from Tc-deficient ones.
| The nucleosynthesis of heavy elements in low-mass AGB stars
We take 13C(α,n)16O as neutron source, allowfor variation of the mass of the nucleus with thermal pulse number andadopt the unbranched s process path from 56Fe to210Bi in an attempt to explain the overabundance of heavyelements in MS and S stars. We found stars with larger masses havelarger dilution factors because of a stronger convection and that thesestars fall in four different regions in the abundance diagram, thusenabling a rough estimate of the mass to be made. We show that, for a2.5 Msolar star, the third dredge-up stops after a certain number ofpulses because of the formation of a hollow shell structure, so the starwill show no Tc and this can account for the existence of binary systemsconsisting of a ``Tc-no'' AGB star with a main-sequence star companion.
| Proper motions, absolute magnitudes and spatial distribution of zirconium stars.
Not Available
| A catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations: 1996 edition
A fifth Edition of the Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations is presentedherewith. It contains 5946 determinations for 3247 stars, including 751stars in 84 associations, clusters or galaxies. The literature iscomplete up to December 1995. The 700 bibliographical referencescorrespond to [Fe/H] determinations obtained from high resolutionspectroscopic observations and detailed analyses, most of them carriedout with the help of model-atmospheres. The Catalogue is made up ofthree formatted files: File 1: field stars, File 2: stars in galacticassociations and clusters, and stars in SMC, LMC, M33, File 3: numberedlist of bibliographical references The three files are only available inelectronic form at the Centre de Donnees Stellaires in Strasbourg, viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5), or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The heavy elements nucleosynthesis in the low mass AGB stars.
Not Available
| Irregular variables of type Lb. New JHKL'M-photometry for 160 stars.
This paper presents new near infrared observations of 160 Irregularvariables of type Lb in the JHKL'M filter bands. These measurements aresupplemented by data for additional 56 stars taken from the literature.In total 220 datasets are available because of some multipleobservations. From our sample, 216 stars have near infrared (NIR)photometry now. Our sample of visually bright Lb-variables displays verysimilar infrared properties when compared with SRa- and SRb-variables.Derived from NIR-two colour diagrams the oxygen-rich Lbs seem to haveintermediate atmospheric conditions between Miras and normal giants.There may be a sligthly larger "contamination" with non AGB-giants thanin the case of the semiregulars. Using only our IR-colours the S- andthe Carbon-stars among the Lbs again are undistinguishable fromSR-variables of the same chemistry.
| The Chemical Composition of Red Giants. IV. The Neutron Density at the s-Process Site
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995ApJ...450..302L&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| A catalogue of associations between IRAS sources and S stars.
Cross identifications between the General Catalogue of Galactic S Stars(GCGSS), the IRAS Point Source Catalogue (PSC), and the Guide StarCatalogue (GSC) are presented. The purpose of the present catalogue isi) to provide a clean sample of S stars with far-IR data, and ii) toprovide accurate GSC positions for S stars, superseding those listed inthe GCGSS. The IRAS colour-colour diagram and the galactic distributionof S stars associated with an IRAS source are presented. Several S starshaving extended images in at least one IRAS band have also beenidentified.
| S stars: infrared colors, technetium, and binarity
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...271..463J&db_key=AST
| On the Infrared Properties of S-Stars with and Without Technetium
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...271..180G&db_key=AST
| Fluorine in red giant stars - Evidence for nucleosynthesis
Flourine abundances were determined in several K giants and asymptoticgiant branch (AGB) stars, using the infrared vibration-rotation lines ofHF. The data presented constitute the only available information on thefluorine abundance outside the solar system and provide invaluable cluesto the question of the nucleosynthetic origin of F. The observationsconfirm that F production occurs at a He-burning site and constrain thecurrent models of AGB stars.
| Infrared Spectra and Circumstellar Emission of Late-Type Stars. III. S-Type Stars
Near-infrared photometry was carried out at the J, H, K, and L bands for73 S-type stars. The statistical characteristics of the infrared spectraand the circumstellar emission of S-type stars were examined usingnear-infrared photometric data, IRAS photometric data, and thelow-resolution spectra obtained by IRAS. The characteristics of thephotometric spectra of S-type stars were compared with those ofoxygen-rich stars and carbon stars. We found that MS and SC stars haveinfrared spectral characteristics similar to those of both oxygen-richstars and carbon stars, respectively. However, mild S, medium S, andstrong S stars were found to have a variety of spectral characteristicsin the infrared region. Correlations between the 10-mu m spectralfeatures and infrared photometric spectra were examined. It was foundthat S-type stars show a variety of spectral characteristics regardingboth the 10-mu m spectral feature and photometric spectra.
| The chemical composition of red giants. III - Further CNO isotopic and s-process abundances in thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch stars
Near-IR and IR spectra are analyzed to obtain elemental and isotopic C,N, and O abundance, iron peak abundances, and heavy element s-processabundances for a sample of M, MS, and S giants. The compositions of theM giants are similar to those of G and K giants and consistent withpredictions for giants that have deep convective envelopes and so haveexperienced the first dredge-up. The MS and S giants have compositionsthat show the signatures of the third dredge-up that occurs in thermallypulsing AGB stars. The sample shows that C-12, a principal product ofthe He-burning shell, has been added to the envelopes of MS and S stars.The C-12 enrichment is correlated with a more marked enrichment of thes-process elements that are predicted to be synthesized when a neutronsource is ignited in the He-burning shell. The MS and S giants show ahigher N abundance than the M giants, attributed to the expected deepmixing that occurs with the onset of the episodic third dredge-up.
| The Westerlund-Olander sample of S stars in the southern Milky Way
Infrared (JHKL) photometry and spectroscopy (5200-7700 A, 6 Aresolution) is given for 72 stars classed as type S by Westerlund andOlander. There are 38 S stars, 26 M stars, of which most aresupergiants, and eight stars without prominent absorption bands. The Sstars are predominantly of the nearly pure S type ( S indexapproximately 6) and represent a substantial addition to the knownsample of such stars. Several probable Mira variables and three starswith strong Li I 6707 A are included. A wide range in LaO strength forstars of similar temperature and ZrO strength may result from differingratios of heavy to light s-process elements. A possible dependence of NaD strength on luminosity is found. The galactic distribution of the Sstars is not significantly different from that of carbon stars in thesame field, excluding the suggestion that these S stars are of muchhigher mass than carbon stars. The infrared colors, taken in conjunctionwith IRAS data, reveal heavy interstellar reddening as well ascircumstellar shells around many stars of all three groups. One of thebandless stars, WO48, has a particularly extensive shell.
| Mass loss from S stars
The mass-loss process in S stars is studied using 65 S stars from thelisting of Wing and Yorka (1977). The role of pulsations in themass-loss process is examined. It is detected that stars with largermass-loss rates have a greater amplitude of pulsations. The dust-to-gasratio for the S stars is estimated as 0.002 and the average mass-lossrate is about 6 x 10 to the -8th solar masses/yr. Some of the propertiesof the S stars, such as scale height, surface density, and lifetime, aremeasured. It is determined that scale height is 200 pc; the totalduration of the S star phase is greater than or equal to 30,000 yr; andthe stars inject 3 x 10 to the -6th solar masses/sq kpc yr into theinterstellar medium.
| Near-infrared photometry of SC stars
Photometric data have been obtained for nine SC stars and two S-typestars in the J, H, K, 3-micron, and L bands. The observed SC stars arefound to exhibit a 3-micron absorption feature similar to that of carbonstars. The depth of the 3-micron absorption is estimated for each staron the basis of photometric data. The statistical behavior of the depthof the 3-micron absorption is discussed for SC stars in comparison withcarbon stars and S-type stars. A sudden change in the strength of the3-micron absorption is found to occur at the boundary between SC starsand S-type stars, because no S-type stars observed exhibit 3-micronabsorption.
| A General Catalogue of Galactic S-Stars - ED.2
Not Available
| A Search for S-Stars in the IRC and AFGL Catalogues
Seventeen unidentified sources contained in the 2jt JR Catalogue, andAFGL-AFGLS Catalogues have been tentatively indicated as S stars from acomparison with the General Catalogue of S stars. An analysis based onthe I - K and K - [4.2j.~] behavior has been performed for all thesources which have been found to be in common with all the abovementioned catalogues. The results lead to the conclusion that thepresence of circumstellar shells seems to be very unlike for theseobjects in spite of their evolutionary status which is intermediatebetween M and C type stars
| Spectroscopic study of the infrared CA II triplet in S-type Mira variable stars
The Ca II infrared triplet has been observed in 22 S-type Mira stars ofdifferent periods at various phases of the light cycle. The observationswere obtained with a spectrograph equipped with a single-stage imageintensifier tube, electrostatically focused, using an S-20 extended-redphotocathode. The objects were observed in two distinct spectralregions, in the red (5800-7800 A) and near-infrared (6800-8700 A), witha reciprocal linear dispersion of 87 A/mm, and an actual resolution ofabout 5 A. The spectrograms were measured with a Grant machine in itsdensitometer mode and reduced on a computer. The Ca II infrared emissionlines appear around a phase of 0.80, i.e., close to the phase whenhydrogen emission is observed first, and much earlier than the Ca II Hand K emission lines. The differences in the radial velocity of the CaII infrared emission lines with respect to the absorption line spectrumare much smaller than those of the Ca II H and K lines. It is concludedthat the emission originates in a hot layer, created deep in theatmosphere by a shock front, which moves upwards as the phase advances.A shock velocity smaller than 45 km/s is compatible with theobservations and predicts the observed correlation of the strength ofthe Ca II emission lines with the period and spectral type at a maximum.
| The Keenan and Wing bands in S stars
The paper presents new observations of the near infrared spectra of Sstars as part of a survey of the unidentified Keenan and Wing bands. Anew band is found at 9014 A, and the bands were not present in normal Mgiants and dwarfs. Several new identifications are proposed includingtwo new bands in the near infrared at 8219 and 8235 A provided by CeO; anew band with heads at 7503 and 7509 A in a spectrum of R And istentatively attributed to YS. It is suggested that the heavy elementsulfides and possibly chlorides are leading candidates as the potentialcarriers of Keenan and Wing bands.
| A revised spectral classification system in the red for S stars
Low-dispersion observations of S stars in the region 5450-7000 A havebeen used to establish a revised temperature classification scheme forthese objects. Bands of TiO and ZrO and the Na D lines are found to beuseful in placing all S type stars on a common temperature scale.Temperature subtypes for those objects exhibiting both ZrO and TiO bandsare assigned by a modified version of the Keenan 1954 system. For thepure S stars, a new system is introduced utilizing the ZrO bands and theD lines. Comparisons between the revised types and photometric colorsdemonstrate an improvement over Kennan's system, especially for the pureS stars. Further, a new abundance index is proposed based on therelative strength of the bands of YO as compared to ZrO and TiO. Itappears that this index is fundamentally related to the C/O ratio,though it may also be affected somewhat by the general enhancement ofs-process elements.
| Secular parallax of the S stars
Solutions are attempted for the absolute magnitude, apex, and velocityof 27 S stars. A solar motion from radial velocities is reported, andthe result is shown to be essentially identical to the conventionalsolar motion. The extent to which the solar motion is visible in theproper motions is examined, an initial solution for the solar apex ismade from 42 S stars, and AGK3 data for earlier-type stars areevaluated. Several values for the mean absolute visual magnitude of Sstars are obtained from different types of data, and possible systematicerrors in the proper motions are discussed. It is concluded that S starsare not supergiants and that their proper motions are still ratherpoorly known.
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Datos observacionales y astrométricos
| Constelación: | Ofiuco |
| Ascensión Recta: | 18h41m57.17s |
| Declinación: | +06°49'07.2" |
| Magnitud Aparente: | 8.93 |
| Movimiento Propio en Ascensión Recta: | 14.6 |
| Movimiento Propio en Declinación: | -4.2 |
| B-T magnitude: | 12.028 |
| V-T magnitude: | 9.186 |
Catálogos y designaciones:
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